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Grace Brewster Murray Hopper née Murray ; December 9, — January 1, was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOLan early high-level programming language still in use today. Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.
in mathematics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College. Hopper attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II but was rejected because she was 34 years old. She instead joined the Navy Reserves. Hopper began her computing anne jenkins phd thesis in when she worked on the Harvard Mark I team led by Howard H.
Inshe joined the Eckert—Mauchly Computer Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I computer. At Eckert—Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first COBOL compilers. She believed that a programming language based on English was possible. Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood by computers.
ByHopper had finished her program linker originally called a compilerwhich was written for the A-0 System. InEckert—Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC.
Inshe participated in the CODASYL consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. This led to the COBOL language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words. Inshe retired from the Naval Reserve, but in the Navy recalled her to active duty. She anne jenkins phd thesis from the Navy in and found work as a consultant for the Digital Equipment Corporationsharing her computing experiences.
The U. Navy Arleigh Burke -class guided-missile destroyer USS Hopper was named for her, as was the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC. A college at Yale University was renamed in her honor. Inshe received the National Medal of Technology. On November 22,she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama. Grace Brewster Murray was born in New York City, anne jenkins phd thesis. She was the eldest of three children.
Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of Scottish and Dutch descent, and attended West End Collegiate Church.
Grace was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing she was then limited to one clock. Grace was initially rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 because her test scores in Latin were too lowbut she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and anne jenkins phd thesis and earned her master's degree at Yale University in In Grace Murray married New York University professor Vincent Foster Hopper — ; they divorced in Inanne jenkins phd thesis, Hopper earned a Ph.
in mathematics from Yale [12] under the direction of Øystein Ore. Hopper had tried to enlist in the Navy early in World War II. She was rejected for a few reasons. At age 34, she was too old to enlist, and her weight to height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort. She had to get an exemption to enlist; she was 15 pounds 6.
She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, anne jenkins phd thesis, Massachusetts.
Hopper graduated first in her class inand was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the Mark I computer programming staff headed by Howard H. Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Anne jenkins phd thesis. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve.
Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab untilanne jenkins phd thesis, turning down a anne jenkins phd thesis professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard. InHopper became an employee of the Eckert—Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market inand was more competitive at processing anne jenkins phd thesis than the Mark I.
When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English. Her idea was not accepted for three years.
In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in In the early s, the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done.
The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A Inshe had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler.
She later said that "Nobody believed that," and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators, anne jenkins phd thesis. If they are they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols.
So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, anne jenkins phd thesis, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOLa computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols, anne jenkins phd thesis. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing.
In Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming, and her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.
In the spring ofcomputer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages CODASYL. Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees anne jenkins phd thesis on the short-term committee that defined the new language COBOL an acronym for CO mmon B usiness- O riented L anguage. The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN.
Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or in languages close to machine code, such as assembly languages was captured in the new business language, and Anne jenkins phd thesis went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date.
From toHopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of captain in In the s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors.
In the s, these tests and their official administration were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards NBSknown today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST. In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of commander at age 60 at the end of She again retired in but was again asked to return to active duty in She was promoted to captain in by Admiral Elmo R.
Zumwalt, Jr. After Republican Representative Philip Crane saw her on a March segment of 60 Minuteshe championed H. Following a career that spanned more than 42 years, Admiral Hopper took retirement from the Navy on August 14, At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Anne jenkins phd thesis 79 years, eight months and five daysand had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy years, nine months and 23 days, anne jenkins phd thesis.
LeahyChester W. NimitzAnne jenkins phd thesis G. Rickover and Charles Stewart were the only other officers in the Navy's history to serve on active duty at a higher age.
Leahy and Nimitz served on active duty for life due to anne jenkins phd thesis promotions to the rank of fleet admiral.
Following her retirement from the Navy, she was hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation DEC. Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account.
Instead, she was hired as a full-time Principal Corporate Consulting Engineer, a tech-track SVP-equivalent. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations.
At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users.
She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U. Department of Defense policy. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this? They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances.
On New Year's DayHopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington, Virginia; [45] she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery. Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing.
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Aug 19, · Please note this advice is continually checked and updated! Including for COVID. ~~~~~ Today’s post is a long overdue post on CVs. While the CV genre permits a wide range of variation, and there is no consensus on the value or desirability of one particular style, I am going to present a list of expectations that govern my own work at The Professor Is In Dr. Anne Metz completed her master’s degree in clinical mental health counseling and PhD in counselor education and supervision at James Madison University in Virginia. She is a licensed professional counselor and registered supervisor in the Commonwealth of Virginia Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (née Murray; December 9, – January 1, ) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first blogger.com was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages,
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